ފެނުގެ ޒަރީޢާއިން ފެތުރޭ ބަލިތައް

ފެނުގެ ޒަރީޢާއިން ފެތުރޭ ބަލިތައް (އިނގިރޭސި ބަހުން: Waterborne diseases)އަކީ ދުނިޔޭގެ ހުރިހާ ހިސާބު ތަކެއްގައި ވެސް ވަރަށް އާންމު ބަލިތަކެކެވެ. މިބަލިތައް ފެތުރެނީ ބަލި ޖައްސާ ޖަރާސީމް އާއި ތަޣައްޔަރުވެފައިވާ ފެން ބުއިމުންނެވެ.

ޕްރޮޒޯގެ ސަބަބުން ޖެހޭ ބަލިތައް

Disease and Transmission	Microbial Agent	Sources of Agent in Water Supply	General Symptoms
Amoebiasis (hand-to-mouth)	Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytica) (Cyst-like appearance)	Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supply	Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, bloating, fever, abdominal pain
Cryptosporidiosis (oral)	Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum)	Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animal manure, seasonal runoff of water.	Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, nausea
Cyclosporiasis	Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis)	Sewage, non-treated drinking water	cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, fever, and fatigue
Giardiasis (oral-fecal) (hand-to-mouth)	Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common intestinal parasite	Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats create ponds that act as reservoirs for Giardia.	Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, and flatulence
Microsporidiosis	Protozoan phylum (Microsporidia), but closely related to fungi	The genera of Encephalitozoon intestinalis has been detected in groundwater, the origin of drinking water	Diarrhea and wasting in immunocompromised individuals

ޕަރަސައިޓްގެ ވަބާތައް

Disease and Transmission	Microbial Agent	Sources of Agent in Water Supply	General Symptoms
Schistosomiasis (immersion)	Members of the genus Schistosoma	Fresh water contaminated with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes	Rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches
Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease)	Dracunculus medinensis	Stagnant water containing larvae	Allergic reaction, urticaria rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, asthmatic attack.
Taeniasis	Tapeworms of the genus Taenia	Drinking water contaminated with eggs	Intestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosis
Fasciolopsiasis	Fasciolopsis buski	Drinking water contaminated with encysted metacercaria	GIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargement, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice.
Hymenolepiasis (Dwarf Tapeworm Infection)	Hymenolepis nana	Drinking water contaminated with eggs	Abdominal pain, anorexia, itching around the anus, nervous manifestation
Echinococcosis (Hydatid disease)	Echinococcus granulosus	Drinking water contaminated with feces (usually canid) containing eggs	Liver enlargement, hydatid cysts press on bile duct and blood vessels; if cysts rupture they can cause anaphylactic shock
coenurosis	multiceps multiceps	contaminated drinking water with eggs	increases intacranial tension
Ascariasis	Ascaris lumbricoides	Drinking water contaminated with feces (usually canid) containing eggs	Mostly, disease is asymptomatic or accompanied by inflammation, fever, and diarrhea. Severe cases involve Löffler's syndrome in lungs, nausea, vomiting, malnutrition, and underdevelopment.
Enterobiasis	Enterobius vermicularis	Drinking water contaminated with eggs	Peri-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia

Disease	Morbidity (cases per year)	Mortality (deaths per year)
	1,500,000,000	100,000
Schistosomiasis	200,000,000	200,000

ބެކްޓީރިޔާގެ ސަބަބުން ޖެހޭ ބަލިތައް

Disease and Transmission	Microbial Agent	Sources of Agent in Water Supply	General Symptoms
ބޮޓިއުލިޒަމް	Clostridium botulinum	Bacteria can enter a wound from contaminated water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract by consuming contaminated drinking water or (more commonly) food	Dry mouth, blurred and/or double vision, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, slurred speech, vomiting and sometimes diarrhea. Death is usually caused by respiratory failure.
ކެމްޕައިލޮބެކްޓިރޯސިސް	Most commonly caused by Campylobacter jejuni	Drinking water contaminated with feces	Produces dysentery like symptoms along with a high fever. Usually lasts 2–10 days.
ކޮލެރާ	Spread by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae	Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium	In severe forms it is known to be one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very watery diarrhea, nausea, cramps, nosebleed, rapid pulse, vomiting, and hypovolemic shock (in severe cases), at which point death can occur in 12–18 hours.
	Certain strains of Escherichia coli (commonly E. coli)	Water contaminated with the bacteria	Mostly diarrhea. Can cause death in immunocompromised individuals, the very young, and the elderly due to dehydration from prolonged illness.
M. marinum infection	Mycobacterium marinum	Naturally occurs in water, most cases from exposure in swimming pools or more frequently aquariums; rare infection since it mostly infects immunocompromised individuals	Symptoms include lesions typically located on the elbows, knees, and feet (from swimming pools) or lesions on the hands (aquariums). Lesions may be painless or painful.
ޑިޒެންޓަރީ	Caused by a number of species in the genera Shigella and Salmonella with the most common being Shigella dysenteriae	Water contaminated with the bacterium	Frequent passage of feces with blood and/or mucus and in some cases vomiting of blood.
Legionellosis (two distinct forms: Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever)	Caused by bacteria belonging to genus Legionella (90% of cases caused by Legionella pneumophila)	Contaminated water: the organism thrives in warm aquatic environments.	Pontiac fever produces milder symptoms resembling acute influenza without pneumonia. Legionnaires’ disease has severe symptoms such as fever, chills, pneumonia (with cough that sometimes produces sputum), ataxia, anorexia, muscle aches, malaise and occasionally diarrhea and vomiting
ލެޕްޓޯސްޕައިރޯސިސް	Caused by bacterium of genus Leptospira	Water contaminated by the animal urine carrying the bacteria	Begins with flu-like symptoms then resolves. The second phase then occurs involving meningitis, liver damage (causes jaundice), and renal failure
ބޭރު ކަންފަތް ދުޅަވުން (ފެތުންތެރިންގެ ކަންފަތް)	Caused by a number of bacterial and fungal species.	Swimming in water contaminated by the responsible pathogens	Ear canal swells causing pain and tenderness to the touch
ސަލްމޮނެއްލާ	Caused by many bacteria of genus Salmonella	Drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. More common as a food borne illness.	Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps
ޓައިފޮއިޑް ހުން	Salmonella typhi	Ingestion of water contaminated with feces of an infected person	Characterized by sustained fever up to 40 °C (104 °F), profuse sweating, diarrhea, less commonly a rash may occur. Symptoms progress to delerium and the spleen and liver enlarge if untreated. In this case it can last up to four weeks and cause death.
Vibrio Illness	Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus	Can enter wounds from contaminated water. Also got by drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked oysters.	Symptoms include explosive, watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and occasionally fever.

ވައިރަސްގެ ސަބަބުން ޖެހޭ ބަލިތައް

ބަލި އަދި ފެތުރޭގޮތް	ޖަރާސީމް	ޖަރާސީމް ވާޞިލްވާ މަޞްދަރު	އާންމު އަލާމާތްތައް
އެޑީނޯވައިރަސް އިންފެކްޝަން	އެޑީނޯވައިރަސް	ނުތާހިރު ފެނުގައި ހަރުލާފައި ހުރުން	Symptoms include common cold symptoms, pneumonia, croup, and bronchitis
ބޭރަށް ހިންގުން	Astrovirus, Calicivirus, Enteric Adenovirus, and Parvovirus	Manifests itself in improperly treated water	Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, malaise, and abdominal pain
ސާރސް	ކޮރޯނަވައިރަސް	ނުތާހިރު ފެނުގައި ހަރުލާފައި ހުރުން	Symptoms include fever, myalgia, lethargy, gastrointestinal symptoms, cough, and sore throat
ފުރަމޭ ދުޅަވުން-އޭ	ފުރަމޭ ދުޅަވުން-އޭ ވައިރަސް(HAV)	ފެނާއި ކާތަކެތީގައި ހަރުލާފައި ހުރޭ	Symptoms are only acute (no chronic stage to the virus) and include Fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, itching, jaundice and depression.
ވާބަލި	ޕޯލިޔޯ ވައިރަސް	ބަލިޖެހިފައިވާ މީހާގެ ބޮޑުކަމުދާ ތަކެތީގެ ތެރެއަށް ފެނުގެ ތެރެއަށް ޖަރާސީމް ވާޞިލްވުން	90-95% of patients show no symptoms, 4-8% have minor symptoms (comparatively) with delirium, headache, fever, and occasional seizures, and spastic paralysis, 1% have symptoms of non-paralytic aseptic meningitis. The rest have serious symptoms resulting in paralysis or death
ޕޯލިއޮމަވައިރަސް އިންފެކްޝަން	ދެ ޕޯލިއޮމަވައިރަސް: ޖޭސީ ވައިރަސް އަދި ބީކޭ ވައިރަސް	ވަރަށް ފުޅާކޮށް ފެތުރިފައި، ނުސާފު ފެނުގައި ދިރިއުޅޭ! އާބާދީގެ 80އިންސައްތަ މީހުންގެ ހަށީގަނޑުގައި ޕޯލިއޮމަވައިރަސް އަށް ހަށިދަމަނަ އުފގެދިފައިވޭ	BK virus produces a mild respiratory infection and can infect the kidneys of immunosuppressed transplant patients. JC virus infects the respiratory system, kidneys or can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the brain (which is fatal).